Parámetros Morfométricos de Interés Comercial en Trucha Arcoiris Triploide, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Resumen
Ejemplares triploides de trucha arcoiris fueron producidos mediante la aplicación de un choque
térmico de 13 min de duración y 27 °C de temperatura a una mezcla de huevas procedentes de tres hembras maduras. El choque térmico se administró 11 min después de la fertilización. Los peces del grupo tratamiento (triploides) y sus hermanos del grupo control (diploides) fueron criados separadamente bajo condiciones similares de densidad, alimentación y calidad de agua. Se registraron varios parámetros morfométricos (longitud caudal, peso corporal, peso de la canal eviscerada, peso gonadal, peso de la pituitaria y peso hepático) a lo largo de un período experimental de 44 meses durante el que se realizaron cinco muestreos.
El análisis de la ploidía mediante la medición del tamaño nuclear a los 5 meses post-eclosión reveló la presencia de un 46% de individuos triploides en el grupo tratamiento. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos triploide y diploide, mantenidas en forma consistente, a lo largo del período experimental en cuanto a proporción de sexos, peso corporal o factores de condición. Sin embargo, a los 20 y 44 meses post-eclosión el peso promedio de la canal eviscerada fue un 20% (p<0.05) más elevado en los individuos del grupo triploide que en sus homólogos diploides. La inducción de triploidía suprimió la maduración sexual en las hembras. Si bien el peso gonadal fue similar entre los machos triploides y los diploides, las hembras triploides mostraron pesos e índices gonadales muy reducidos (Indice Gonado-Somático máximo, IGS= 0.03%, a los 44 meses). Se discuten la importancia comercial de éstos resultados y la utilidad de la inducción de triploidía en la producción de trucha arcoiris de tamaño grande (superior a 1.5 kg de peso), así como en el control de la maduración sexual y en la mejora del rendimiento en el cultivo de ésta especie.
Triploid rainbow trout were produced by a 13-minute, 27° C heat shock applied to pooled eggs
collected from three mature females 11 minutes post-fertilisation. Treated (triploid) and control
(diploid) siblings were raised separately at similar density, feeding and water quality conditions, and several morphometric parameters (fork length and the weight of the body, eviscerated carcass, gonads, pituitary and liver) were recorded at five sampling times over a 44- month period. Ploidy determination by measurement of nuclear size at 5 months post-hatching revealed that 46% of the individuals analysed in the treated group were triploid. No significant differences in sex ratios, body weight or condition factors were consistently observed between the triploid and diploid groups throughout the experimental period; however the weight of the eviscerated carcass was on average 20% higher (p<0.05) in triploid fish compared to diploid fish at 20 and 44 months post-hatching. Triploidy induction resulted in the suppression of sexual maturation in females. Gonadal weight was in general similar between triploid and control males, whereas triploid females had very low gonadal weight and gonado-somatic indices (maximum gonado-somatic index= 0.03% at 44 months of age). The commercial relevance of these results and the possible applications of triploidy induction for the production of large (over 1.5 kg of body weight) rainbow trout and/or the reproductive containment of farmed stocks are discussed.
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